[University of Liverpool Crest]
Department of Physics, High Energy Particle Physics Group


Proposal by Liverpool University to join the CDF Collaboration



P.Booth,  A.Galloni, M.Houlden,  R.McNulty
21st. September 1998


Introduction to the Liverpool University Particle Physics Group


	The physics department at the University of Liverpool has a long and 
distinguished history in the field of particle physics.  The  Particle Physics 
Group, which is one of the three largest in the UK, consists of 13 academic 
and 37 support staff.   It is well supported by a Design Section and 
Mechanical Workshop, together with excellent in-house computing facilities 
and fast links to outside laboratories. 

 The Group is currently involved in the following high energy physics 
experiments: 
	
	ep physics :	H1 and HERMES at HERA

	ee physics :	DELPHI at LEP

	CP physics :	CPLEAR,  BABAR and LHCb

	pp  physics:	ATLAS

Proposed Liverpool Personnel to work at CDF

	
	Four Liverpool physicists (P.Booth, A.Galloni, M.Houlden, 
R.McNulty) are the principal applicants to join CDF. Together, they have 
considerable hardware and software experience in the use of Silicon 
Detectors at DELPHI, RD20 and ATLAS R & D.  Consequently, after recent 
discussions at Fermilab, our proposal is to contribute in the areas of hardware 
and software, to both the baseline and beyond the baseline silicon projects 
within CDF.

	In addition to the names mentioned above, a Post-Doctoral Fellow 
(G.Casse), with particular expertise on radiation-hard silicon development, 
will work full time on silicon hardware for 2 years.

	The department will also provide design effort, mechanical workshop 
effort and technician support.

	Details of Personnel and their time commitment to CDF are provided 
below :

Dr Ronan McNulty

	Ronan McNulty will take up a permanent position at Liverpool from 
October 1st 1998, with the status of Senior University Research Fellow 
(equivalent to lecturer status but with 100% of his time for research).
He has had five years postdoctoral experience, initially at Liverpool 
University as a Research Associate, then as a UK PPARC Fellow, and most 
recently as a CERN Fellow.  
	
	He has worked on DELPHI and was responsible for the alignment of 
the Microvertex Detector and the Outer Detector. He pioneered new tracking 
algorithms which led to large scale improvements in the reconstruction 
efficiency and purity and consequently the physics output. For example, the 
backgrounds for b-tagging were halved. He has built a data acquisition 
system for the RD20 collaboration to readout silicon detectors and to provide 
on-line graphical monitoring, perform pedestal and background subtraction, 
identify hit clusters, and to sparcify and store the data. 
	
	He has measured the tau lifetime and tau neutrino mass and was 
instrumental in the tagging of b decays and the measurement of Rb by 
reconstructing secondary vertices. He was involved in searching for the Higgs 
decay to two B mesons. His silicon knowledge, DAQ, tracking, alignment, 
and b-tagging experience should be directly applicable at CDF. 

	He will spend 100% of his time on CDF with long term attachment at 
Fermilab.


 Dr. Andrew Galloni

	Andy Galloni completed his Liverpool Ph.D. in 1997 on the DELPHI 
experiment, taking as his thesis topic, the measurement of the hadronic 
spectrum of tau decays and a measurement of the tau neutrino mass. This 
work was dependent on the clean and efficient reconstruction of vertices in 
dense tracking environments, which again should be directly applicable at 
CDF. Since completing his PhD, he has been resident at CERN as a 
Liverpool Research Associate working on SUSY searches at LEP2.  This has 
involved looking for characteristic low multiplicity topologies.  

	He has been responsible for the operation and data quality of the Outer 
Detector at DELPHI for the past 2 years. In addition, he has been involved in 
the setting-up and analyses of silicon test beam runs at CERN for RD20. 

	From October 1998, Andy will commit 100% of his time to CDF with 
long term attachment at Fermilab.


Dr. Mike Houlden

	Mike Houlden has many years experience in software development for 
HEP experiments.  He has worked on the DELPHI experiment since 1982 
and was responsible for all the code development for the Outer Detector.  He 
co-ordinated the development of the pattern recognition code and tracking 
algorithms used for both on-line monitoring and off-line processing. He has 
also worked extensively on simulation studies and physics analyses for 
DELPHI, and more recently on simulation studies for ATLAS.

	He has on-going responsibilities for the departmental HEP computing 
facilities as well as major responsibilities in ensuring effective network 
connections for the particle physics community, both within Britain and from
Britain to Europe and America.  He was Chairman of the UK Particle Physics 
Network Committee  from 1992 to 1997. 

	 He will be involved in all aspects of software development at 
Liverpool, supervision of postgraduate students and preparations for physics 
analyses. 
 
	He will commit 50% of his total time to CDF and will visit Fermilab at 
frequent intervals to participate in all aspects of the data taking and to attend 
all necessary meetings.


Prof. Paul Booth
 
	Since 1985, Paul Booth has led the Liverpool group working on 
DELPHI. He was responsible for the design and construction of the DELPHI 
Outer Detector  (5 layer, 5m long, 2m radius, precision tracking detector) and 
has been involved at all stages of the development of the DELPHI 
Microvertex Detector. 

	From 1989 to 1994, he was DELPHI deputy spokesperson with the 
specific responsibility of overseeing all the on-line development and data-
taking in the early years of DELPHI running. Together with his group 
members, he has been involved in a wide range of physics analyses, with 
particular emphasis on those physics channels using the Microvertex Detector 
to tag secondary vertices. Over the past 4 years he has also been closely 
involved in the R&D for the forward silicon tracking in ATLAS.

	He will commit 50% of his total time to CDF and will be primarily 
based in Liverpool. He will provide the overall co-ordination of the Liverpool 
effort both at CDF and in Liverpool and will be actively involved in all 
aspects of this work. He will visit CDF at frequent intervals to participate in 
the data taking  and to attend all necessary meetings.


Dr. Gianluigi Casse

	Gianluigi Casse  has worked since 1996 as a Scientific Associate in the 
ECP division at CERN.  He has been principally involved, within the RD48 
Collaboration, on the development and testing of Radiation-Hard Silicon 
Detectors. Over the past 2 years, he has given 5 conference presentations and 
is co-author of 16 publications in Silicon Technology. 

	In October 1998,  he will begin a two year Industrial Fellowship at 
Liverpool, in collaboration with Micron UK, to continue his work on 
Radiation-Hard Silicon Detectors and their performance.

	He will commit up to 70% of his time to CDF as required and will be 
available to work with Micron on the Layer 00 sensors.


Liverpool Graduate Students

	One new graduate student will be assigned to the CDF experiment in 
October each year for the foreseeable future.

	The student will spend the first 6 months of their 1st year at Liverpool 
attending courses on HEP and learning about the CDF hardware/software,  
with occasional visits to Fermilab.  The student will then spend between 12 
and 15 months resident at Fermilab working on CDF before returning to 
Liverpool to complete their physics analysis and thesis preparation. Again, 
there will be visits to Fermilab to present their physics results to the CDF 
Collaboration.  Whilst at Fermilab, the student will be supervised by a 
Liverpool physicist on long term attachment and will be expected to 
participate in all aspects of the experiment.









Support Staff

	In addition to the academic staff mentioned above, we also have access 
to a number of support staff who can assist both with SVX II/ ISL projects 
and Layer 00.

	The Departmental Mechanical Design Section is equipped with CAD 
and CAE facilities and can be used to design silicon modules, detector 
cooling and mechanical support structures, etc. Thermal and mechanical 
modelling of silicon modules and other structures can be undertaken using the 
ANSYS software package. 

	We will commit 1 Man-year/year of Design Effort to CDF. 

	The Departmental Mechanical Workshop is fully equipped to machine 
high accuracy components. The staff are experienced in the production of low 
mass, high accuracy components applicable to silicon detector arrays, having 
produced mechanical components for both the DELPHI Microvertex Detector 
and the ATLAS Silicon Module Development programme. 

	We will commit up to 1.5 Man-years/year of precision mechanical 
construction effort to CDF.

 	In addition, up to 2 man-years/year of high level technical effort, with 
expertise in silicon hardware,  is available at Liverpool.  For example, to 
work on sensor testing, prototype module assembly, module testing pre- and 
post- irradiation for Layer 00.




Summary of Personnel

	The following table summarises the people involved in our proposal. 
All the numbers are averaged over three years, except for G.Casse who 
currently has a fixed term 2 year Fellowship at Liverpool from Oct. 1998.

	
Summary of effort /year for next 3 years


Name		Title		% of 			% of 		Other		CDF
				total time		research	Projects	FTE
				available		time on		& Duties
				for research		CDF

R.McNulty	Sen.Fellow	   	100		100		None		1.0
		(perm. posn.)

A.Galloni	Post-doc		100		100		None		1.0

M.Houlden	Sen.Lect.		70		70		ATLAS		0.5 

P.Booth		Prof.			100		50		DELPHI		0.5
									ATLAS

G.Casse		Industrial		100		70		Generic		0.7
		Fellow(2 years)						Si R&D

		Grad.	Students	100		100		None		X
		(one/year)

		
	Liverpool plan to maintain a permanent presence at Fermilab of  at 
least 1 physicist and at least 1 graduate student  with the other  physicists 
commuting frequently to participate in all aspects of the experiment. 



Liverpool Hardware Facilities and Experience with Silicon 

	
	The Liverpool Group’s experience in silicon includes :

	 	The DELPHI Microvertex detector -   detector specification,  	      
	  	 hybrid design, mechanical mounting, cooling, surveying .

		CERN RD20 and RD48 projects - design and testing rad-hard 	
		detectors	

		ATLAS Forward Silicon Tracker R & D

		LHCb Vertex Detector R & D


	We have existing facilities and infrastructure at Liverpool for building 
and testing silicon detectors. Also we have in-house mask design capability 
using Cadence, which has been used to design both p-in-n and n-in-n devices, 
subsequently fabricated by both Micron and Hamamatsu. These detectors 
have been fully tested both pre- and post radiation at doses up to 3x1014 (1 
MeV neutron equivalent) /cm2.  The subsequent time-dependent annealing 
properties have also been studied. 


		












Silicon Laboratory Facilities


The Departmental silicon facilities, available to CDF, are situated in 2 clean 
rooms housing :

	1 automatic and 1 manual bonder

	1 automatic and 1 manual probe station

	Precision apparatus for module assembly

	Electronic stations for binary and analogue readout

	2 Keighley Source Measuring Units and Wayne-Kerr     	  
	variable frequency CV meter (operating under Labview)

	3 Faraday cages

	1 Infra-Red (1064nm, 5ns) pulsed laser test station

	Cosmic and Source test stations

	Digital oscilloscopes and microscopes

	Cadence mask design software

	3 PC’s and  DEC-Alpha workstation + links to HEP farm

	Environmental cold chamber for testing irradiated detectors

	Low mass hybrid design and test facilities







Liverpool Software Experience with Silicon


	The Liverpool applicants to CDF were responsible for formulating the 
ideas and developing the algorithms which were used to align the DELPHI 
Microvertex Detector.  We specifically addressed questions concerning 
intrinsic resolution, mechanical stability and detector geometry, and produced  
excellent alignment parameters, resulting in an impact parameter resolution of 
21 microns for hard tracks.  This work led us to being the first group at LEP 
to directly observe the beam profile, providing important feedback to the 
machine physicists.  It also led to the first LEP measurements of the tau and B  
lifetimes.


	A further task which Liverpool initiated and developed was the 
complete rethink of the tracking strategy and the redesign of the tracking 
algorithms. Rather 	than attach the vertex detector points to existing tracks, 
the track search and fit took full account of the information in the vertex 
detector. The physics gains from this improvement were large,  for example,   
a doubling of reconstructed D*+ -> ( K- pi+ pi- pi+ ) pi+  decays and a doubling 
of reconstructed 3-prong tau decays. Most notable for b-physics and Higgs 
searches was  a 50% improvement in b-tagging efficiency at a given purity.

	Members of the Liverpool team to CDF have also worked extensively 
on the development of b-tagging algorithms and successfully employed them 
in the recent DELPHI measurement of Rb,  accomplished by reconstructing 
events with both single and double secondary vertices.


 	







Proposed Initial Programme of Work within CDF


	Following discussions during August with the CDF Management and 
Project Leaders, and taking into consideration the experience of our group, a 
number of tasks have been identified to us, where we could quickly and 
usefully contribute to the Run 2 effort .

	A possible initial programme of work for the group, to be carried out in 
a combined effort with other groups (who may already be working, or 
planning to work, on them),  is outlined below:
	

Layer 00 
 
	Optimisation of Pitch - for occupancy, resolution and 2-track 
	separation in hard B jets.
	
	Optimisation of Rad-Hard Detector Design (with Nicola Bacchetta)

	Mask Layout (if required)

	Prototyping 

	Testing Pre- and Post- Irradiation.

	Module testing with remote hybrid

	Final Sensor Production and Probe Testing.

	Provision of the sensors for Layer 00.

	This programme of work will be conducted at Liverpool and will 
involve setting up the ‘Burn-in PC based Data Acquisition System’.  The 
irradiation will take place at the CERN PS.





The time scale envisaged for this work is:

          
	Final Sensor design by 			Feb. 99
                              
	Prototype/ Rad. Test   		Oct. 98  to   May  99

	Final Sensor production		May  99  to   Aug. 99
	and testing
	
	



Design and Mechanical Construction

	Liverpool will provide 1 man-year/year of high level mechanical design 
effort and 1-1.5 man-years/year of precision machining effort to work in the 
areas of ISL/SVX II/Layer 00 as prioritised by CDF.



Commissioning the SVX II / ISL /Layer 00 at Fermilab

	In parallel to the hardware/software work at Liverpool, we aim to have 
a continuous presence of at least 1 physicist and 1 graduate student at 
Fermilab.  They will integrate fully into the work necessary to build and 
commission the silicon system prior to installation.  Initially, we expect that 
this work will involve issues concerning SVX II / ISL and should eventually 
allow for the incorporation of Layer 00 into the system.

	






	A possible time-ordered sequence of work,  which is subject to change 
as required by the priorities set by the Project Leaders, and which will be 
undertaken in a combined effort with other groups, is outlined below :  

	Testing of SVX II / ISL / Layer 00 ladders.

	DAQ Commissioning and System Testing for SVX II / ISL /Layer 00.

	Data Base Commissioning for SVX II / ISL / Layer 00.

	Monitoring for SVX II / ISL / Layer 00 if required.
	
	SVT Alignment / Monitoring if required.

	Development of Tracking Algorithms if required.

	We envisage that software for some of the above tasks can also be 
developed by the physicists not on long term attachment at CDF.



Data Taking

	The Liverpool applicants  want to take part in all aspects of the data 
taking, including undertaking specific responsibilities for certain hardware 
and/or software support and maintenance. This will involve the long term 
attached Liverpool physicists at CDF, graduate students during their 12 - 15 
month term at Fermilab and physicists commuting from Liverpool.



Liverpool ‘in-kind’ contribution to CDF

	The salaries plus associated overheads for 1 Design Engineer/year,      
1 Mechanical Machinist/year and 1 Hardware Technician/year represent an 
‘in kind’ contribution of 150K US dollars/year to CDF.